Human Resource Management at Nokia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Human Resource Management at Nokia - Case Study Example Same was the situation with Nokia, it needed to decide a specific line of business to pick and strip the rest. He announced the key expectation of Nokia as engaged, gathered, telecom-situated and esteem included. One of the key explanations behind the achievement was the surprising collaboration of five fundamental figures of the association, under the dynamic authority of Ollila. As the time passed and the gathering advanced, various other vital changes likewise occurred, for example, the infusion of US capital in the association, the worldwide development, the item explicit procedures. Setting own norms (WAP), Nokia Venture Organization, actuality based administration and so on. Joy comes never alone; it brings some unfortunate outcomes also, either over the long haul or in the short run. Same is the situation with Nokia; there are various realities which are impacting the current issues. A portion of the issues looked by the Nokia gathering, alongside their experience realities are as per the following. As of now, the development rate for Nokia is 25-35 percent. Nokia was looking as a possibility of one hundred thousand workers round the world. This craving was profoundly established throughout the entire existence of the presentation of Nokia. Nokia needed to be the market head at overall level. It was impractical by constraining its activities just in the Finland as it were. Therefore, actualizing the word worldwide of the key aim, it began to grow past the outskirts of Finland. Around then, this technique had a positive effect. It was along these lines, based on the way that this extension brought the nearness of Nokia in new markets, therefore it brought about increment in deals and thus, increment in the piece of the overall industry. This expansion in piece of the overall industry was all around reflected in the presentation of Nokia in the underlying long stretches of 1990's. Be that as it may, presently further development would have end up being exorbitant in numerous respe cts. It would have been expensive in money related terms, yet as far as different angles also. The fundamental expense in such manner would be the diseconomies of scale as far as the executives assets. The more the organization was growing; it was loosing the focal qualities, which were the explanation of accomplishment before. Besides, the solidarity of hierarchical culture was being lost. Bringing down Prices Another test looked by the Nokia bunch currently was the weight of market powers to bring down the costs. At first, when the innovation was new, the contenders were not many, the costs for the cell phones were high. Subsequently, it was conceivable to have high edges. Be that as it may, presently all the cell phone organizations were being pressed from the different sides. On one hand, the worldwide value war is being in the process compelling the cell phone organizations to bring down the costs. Then again, the more wild rivalry is to pull in the new ability. All the organizations, particularly the cell phone organizations require the skilled youthful blood to work for their organization and make methodologies to react to the dynamic condition. Hence, all the organizations are offering the more significant compensations and other budgetary impetuses to pull in those dynamic directors. Because of this back-and-forth, the organizations are on one hand pressurized to bring down the cos ts, while then again, they will undoubtedly offer significant compensations to hold their insight resource (human asset), this has become a genuine test for Nokia too in current

AOL 6.0 is the newest version of the AOL software Essay Example For Students

AOL 6.0 is the most current variant of the AOL programming Essay AOL and service.Weve smoothed out the look, improved our most well known highlights and benefits, and included a variety of other energizing developments to bring the AOL administration to another degree of usability and regular comfort, and to give current individuals and other online buyers much more motivations to appreciate the advantages of AOL enrollment. Similarly as with each new AOL item, individuals input assumed a focal job in the advancement of variant 6.0, which incorporates their top solicitations and recommendations and offers more personalization and included advantages of AOL Anywhere.(SM) New Benefits of AOL Anywhere(SM)AOL 6.0 is another significant advance in our AOL Anywhere (SM) procedure of making our individuals lives simpler and increasingly helpful by making AOLs industry-driving brands and highlights accessible to them anyplace, whenever they need from their PCs, the Web, their TVs, their telephones, their pagers, and other individual cell phones. As a major aspect of its new structure, AOL 6.0 highlights another catch on the primary toolbar that legitimately associates individuals to another AOL Anywhere site.This new AOL Anywhere webpage enlivens the range of AOL highlights and administrations that individuals can access from any place they are, including AOL email, text includes, the My Calendar(SM) administration, portfolios, and other customized news and nearby data from either the Web or non-PC devices.AOL is likewise presenting another AOL by Phone voice administration, which lets individuals get to their AOL accounts utilizing their voice from any phone. These administrations will turn out with the AOL 6.0 help in the not so distant future. Broadband SupportAOL 6.0 offers broadband help over computerized endorser line (DSL), link and satellite stages and conveys AOL PLUS interactive media substance and highlights like full-movement video and gushing sound to individuals at whatever point they join up with a fast broadbandconnection. NEW FEATURE HIGHLIGHTS OF AOL 6.0:* Streamlined New Look ; Design: A less difficult and progressively instinctive toolbar gives quicker access to the most well known and every now and again utilized highlights and AOL content channels. The AOL 6.0 Welcome Screen acquaints new programming with make it progressively close to home and pertinent to individuals, and furthermore empowers individuals to tweak up to 10 zones they visit frequently and need directly readily available each time they sign on. * New E-mail Features ; Enhancements: Members can sort their messages and spare them straightforwardly to explicit organizers in the Filing Cabinet, and view HTML mail. Theres another Auto-Complete capacity for put away email addresses, too an Auto-Unzip highlight to consequently decompress ZIP records at the hour of download, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. * New Buddy List and Instant Message Features: Members can without much of a stretch arrange and sort out names in the Buddy L ist highlight, and embed and erase names at explicit focuses inside a list.They can set altered don't upset messages while on the web, and a status window will detail the quantity of texts they got while away/occupied, and the time each message was sent. Individuals can likewise customize texts with new Buddy Icons, and when they type a :) content grin in a text, AOL 6.0 will naturally change over it to a yellow smiley face realistic. * Built-in AOL Media Player: The incorporated AOL Media Player in rendition 6.0 empowers individuals to consistently run sound and video content at the snap of a catch without downloading a different application.It plays famous spilling and neighborhood sound and video designs, and will work all through programming on the AOL administration including search and shopping territories, and on locales over the Web.* New AOL Shopping Assistant (SM) : Assists individuals with their buying choices; as individuals visit mainstream shopping destinations on the web, the AOL Shopping Assistant will show up at the highest point of their program and convey exceptional logical store and item data while they shop * New Address Book Capabilities: The 6.0 Address Book is simpler to utilize, increasingly flexible and progressively available when individuals need it.Members can get to it when away from their own PC and marked onto AOL 6.0 as a Guest and in any event, when they are disconnected to make augmentations and updates. The Address Book highlight additionally would now be able to be masterminded one after another in order and even

Impact of Sox Compliance for Treasury Controls free essay sample

For some, monetary establishments influenced by Sarbanes-Oxley, the issue is whether expanded treasury mechanization guarantees a progressively solid inside control condition. Past the effectiveness increases, a key driver of these activities is the need to smooth out the SOX consistence process. Procedure mechanization empowers treasury offices to improve and normalize their control strategies over the venture. What's more, innate treasury framework usefulness disposes of the requirement for exorbitant manual compromises, approvals or other remunerating controls. It likewise gives CFOs, treasurers and the executives with constant perceivability into key online measurements and reports, estimating the continuous exhibition of treasury tasks and empowering convenient discovery of potential dangers for legitimate remediation. Following two years of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) usage (bigger open organizations needed to meet the new money related announcing and affirmation commands for end-of-year fiscal reports documented after 15 November 2004), treasury experts are getting more brilliant about their consistence procedure and are hoping to insert more controls into their monetary frameworks to wipe out wasteful aspects and decrease dangers. We will compose a custom article test on Effect of Sox Compliance for Treasury Controls or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

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Capital Punishment And Its Effects On The United States

Capital punishment has existed for thousands of years, from ancient Rome to ancient China and even in the United States. The idea was simple and straight forward: death was to be a punishment for any crime committed and people were executed simply because the ruler of the time of the land said so. With obvious progression in the United States, through increased education and ethical understanding, this idea that someone could be sentenced to death for just about anything no longer seemed right. According to PEW’s Research Center; â€Å"Since 1996, the margin between those who favor the death penalty and those who oppose it has narrowed from a 60-point gap (78% favor vs. 18% oppose) to an 18-point difference in 2013 (55% favor vs. 37% oppose)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The death penalty, subsequently, must be eliminated. Money talks. In the pro capital punishment argument, supporters speak about the cost related to incarceration. In 1996, Martin Kasten published An Economic Analysis of the Death Penalty in which he stated, â€Å"Assuming annual incarceration costs are $17,957 and the average life expectancy for a death row inmate is 40 years in prison, the marginal benefit of executing one inmate is $415,071 when discounted at 3 percent over 40 years. When multiplying the benefit by 30, the approximate number of inmates executed every year, the death penalty saves $12,452,130 in reduced incarceration costs† (Kasten). These numbers were over twenty years ago, so imagine with all the inflation, that number is closer to three or four times that amount. This is the cost per inmate, now multiply this number by the thousands of prisoners in all fifty states. While the use of capital punishment is meant to be discretionary, just a few inmates sentenced to capital punishment have the potential to save the tax payers millions. Those for capital punishment don’t want the money they pay in taxes to go towards supporting the life of someone who has committed a crime; to them it is just providing the criminal with free room and board, access to healthcare and education programs in jail. To the people for capital punishment this isn’t really a punishment, sure the criminals are cut off from society but they have a staff catering to their potentialShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment And Its Effect On The Economy Of United States1320 Words   |  6 Pagesthe development of the death penalty, or capital punishment as it has developed into in the United States. Because of this, controversy about whether or not to have the punishment arose, leading to much debate on the topic. The paper will analyze and observe the Capital Punishment and its influence on the economy of United States. Before proceeding, it is important to note that the definition of the capital punishment: a p unishment, enforced on the state and federal levels, in which victims are sentencedRead MoreThe Canadian Justice System And Capital Punishment1713 Words   |  7 Pagesjustice system in its views on capital punishment. Two men, Arthur Lucas, and Ronald Turpin was to be executed in Canada for committing crimes. Both had been accused of committing murder, Lucas for killing an officer while fleeing a robbery and Turpin for murdering an undercover narcotics officer. Both were hanged back to back at midnight and buried side by side with no marking on their graves. Lucas and Turpin were the last to be executed under capital punishment and since then Canada has stoppedRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The Criminal Justice System1407 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States, capital punishment has always been the spotlight of many debates concerning the consequences of severe crimes. Although capital punishment is deemed to be acceptable for violent crimes such as murder, there are numerous individuals who oppose the usage of capital punishment against violent offenders. Both proponents and opponents have given countless opinions concerning the deterrence effect of capital punishment. Research studies have also added fuel to the debate in regardsRead MoreEssay about Capital Punishment: An Ongoing Arguement1043 Words   |  5 PagesSince the year 1608, over 15,269 people have been executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies (Smykla, and Espy). With the multitude of persons executed, there is still little evidence proving the effectiveness of capital punishment when concerning fut ure violent crime rates. The death penalty is also costly when compared to the cost of imprisoning a violent criminal for life. With such a definitive punishment and with its finality, there have also been a large number of personsRead MoreShould There be a Capital Punishment in Kazakhstan?862 Words   |  3 Pages Capital punishment or execution is the legal process of putting a person to death as a punishment for committed crime. The death penalty is legal in many countries as Iran, USA, China, India and Sudan. However, other countries, including Kazakhstan, find it cruel and violent. This essay indicates are there more benefits or drawbacks in using capital punishment in Kazakhstan. This research will begin by evaluating the social factors of capital punishment then it will proceed to investigate theRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be An Option1210 Words   |  5 Pagesliberals and right wing conservatives. Those on the left would most likely argue that capital punishment does not serve any beneficial purpose in our society. In contrast, conservatives, provided that they have no religious motives to oppose the death penalty, would likely argue that it is a necessary punishment for heinous crimes. For thousands of years the death penalty has been used as the ultimate form of punishment for a vast number of crimes and in even more numerous methods. Babylon’s King HammurabiRead MoreThe Moral, Legal, and Economical Aspects of Capital Punishment1509 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has long been a topic for heated debate throughout the United States of America and the civilized world. For many politicians, the death penalty has been a key pillar to winning a state or election; and, to some extent, politics have been a key influence in America’s justice system. Many nations have outlawed capital punishment, with the United States included between 1972 and 1976. In the United States, there has been a renewed movement for this â€Å"e ye for an eye† method, citingRead MoreCapital Punishment1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty has been around for many centuries and will probably be around for many to come. Although some citizens feel capital punishment is ethically wrong, it is necessary in today s society for various reasons. Society must be kept safe from the barbaric acts of murders and rapist, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. Most criminals don t take into account the results of their actions. If a person intending to commit a crime, sees another criminal put toRead MoreThe Death Penalty : A New Symbol For Execution1700 Words   |  7 PagesRobespierre. In the modern United States, citizens face one of the instruments of capital punishment after they commit murder, treason, or espionage. Though the instruments and charges for capital punishment have changed, the basic principle remains the same. Capital punishment, more harshly known as the death penalty, has become a well-known and controversial part of the United States’ criminal justice system. Ever since societies began to practice the capital punishment, people have tried to abolishRead MoreThe Death Penalty: The Case of Carlos DeLuna Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst capital punishment, and they be lieve that it is unnecessary and unreasonable because it does not provide space to go back or remedy, in case of occasional miscarriage. Throughout time and history, the topic of revenge had been debated intensely. The death penalty has been considered to be a necessary punishment to deter future crimes and beneficial for society. In the United States, for instance, there have been strong arguments about whether the absence or the presence of capital punishment

Institutional Discrimination Within The United States Of...

According to the text The Borderlands refers to the area of common culture along the boarder between the United States of America and Mexico. The story mostly talks about the emergence of maquiladoras on the Mexican side. Maquiladoras are foreign owned factories established just across the boarder in Mexico. The first core concept that comes to mind when reading the borderlands is 1. Institutional discrimination. Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. The reason I incorporate Institutional discrimination into this is because the factories that are in the borderlands did not provide insurance or benefits to workers simple because they didn’t have to. The factories are denying not only equal rights but no rights at all by not giving their workers insurance or benefits. The second core concept is 2. Class. Class is a group of people who have similar level of wealth and income. Class can be incorporated here because in mid 2007 1.2 million people worked in the maquiladoras. The daily take-home pay for entry level workers was $3. Entry level workers were in a a class of their own. The third core concept is 3. Glass Ceiling. Glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individuals gender , race or ethnicity. Many workers in the maquiladoras were not given the chanceShow MoreRelatedRacism: The Root Of All Evil1022 Words   |  5 Pagesthe physical, economic, and spiritual violence done to people of color or of different beliefs. In the United States, Native Americans, the indigenous people, were the first to experience this violence, followed by black Africans, and later to various degrees, other people of color as they immigrated to the United States (Ponds, 23). Thousands of Latin-Americans immigrate to the United States every year. Besides the risk of dying in the process of crossing the border, Latin-Americans migrants dealRead MoreThe Critical Race Theory ( Crt )921 Words   |  4 Pages and genetics within the scope of society. â€Å"Critical Race theory, is a modern take on the subtle racism and discrimination in institutional society and our American law, and is one of the theories that construct the ideas relating race, gender and social class to American society† (Healey, O Brien, 2014). In Episode 2 of the PBS Latino Americans Series (2013) the topic of immigration from Mexico to the US was heavily discussed, including the Latinos battle with discrimination, oppression, andRead MoreCare Giving for the Mexican Elderly1016 Words   |  5 Pagessystem are negatively affected, â€Å"older adults within a restricted network decline in their physical function and overall health status and show increased rates of mortality and depression, whereas individuals related to a divers network have longer life expectancy and better health status† (Vladislavovna, 2010, 2). The most common support system for Mexican citizens is informal support given by their family members â€Å"due to the lack of institutional resources, families have developed complex networksRead MoreAssimilation: the Latino Experience Essay1924 Words   |  8 PagesImmigration has always been an issue in the United States, which is often portrayed as harmful and as major threat to American culture. As a result, various anti immigration policies have been aimed against immigrants in order to prevent and preserve the miscegenation of American culture, such as English only policies. Among the largest minority groups in the U.S, are Latinos who currently compose of 15% of the U.S population (Delgado and Stefancic 3). Unfortunately, Latinos have been accused ofRead MoreUndocumented Stress Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesKimberly Galindo U.S. Mexico Border Relations 130 Final Paper Stress on Undocumented Students The â€Å"Undocumented Students† are youth who arrived to the United States as young children. These are young adults fighting hard to achieve their piece of the American Dream. Their experiences are emblematic of the struggles of millions of undocumented children and youth in America who deal daily with isolation from peers, the struggle to pursue an education, fears of detention and deportation and the traumaRead MoreLatino History and Culture6732 Words   |  27 Pagesand Culture Historians are still unclear on when the first Latinos appeared in North America. The most prevalent theory is that they were nomadic hunters who came from the Asia mainland and across the then frozen Bering Straight into Alaska. Regardless of their origins their main region is now the Americas, both North and South and it is expected that the Latino population in the United States will increase by 40% in the next ten years (US Census 2010). Their culture and society is steepedRead MoreStress On Undocumented Students 1595 Words   |  7 PagesKimberly Galindo Health 102 Research Paper Stress on Undocumented Students The â€Å"Undocumented Students† are youth who arrived to the United States as young children. These are young adults fighting hard to achieve their piece of the American Dream. Their experiences are emblematic of the struggles of millions of undocumented children and youth in America who deal daily with isolation from peers, the struggle to pursue an education, fears of detention and deportation and the trauma of separationRead MoreRacism in America3527 Words   |  15 PagesRacism in America Alton Dawson Liberty University Abstract The purpose of this research is to show the effects of racism in America. Racism is defined as one group assumes superiority over other groups that develop attitudes of arrogance and ignorance. Despite many laws and legislation attempts to eliminate the evils of racism, the problem focuses on the cultural differences of race, color and biological supremacy. Racism comes in the form of ethnic cleansing, hate groups, discrimination andRead MoreForeign Direct Investment ( Fdi ) Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesBanks, companies in Chile with overseas shareholders pay wages that are on average 130% higher than locally-owned companies of the same size in the same sector. The countries in 2013 with the highest foreign direct investments in Chile are the United States with 16.7 %, the Netherlands with 14.8%, Spain with 10.4%, Canada with 5.1%, the UK with 4.3 %, Japan with 3.8 % , Bermuda with 2.9 %, Brazil with 2.7 % , and Luxembourg with a low of 2.2%. Chile’s main investments are m ining 44.9 %, servicesRead MoreChapter 5 Outline5565 Words   |  23 Pagesdifferences in the biological makeup of individuals.†¨C.  Race is assigned based on scientific investigation.†¨D.  Racial categories are the same in countries throughout the world.    5.  Definitions of race have differed from state to state, and throughout time, within the United States. This is evidence that race  Ã¢â‚¬ ¨A.  is not socially important.†¨B.  is based on one’s social class.†¨C.  is socially constructed.†¨D.  All of these choices are true.    6.  How does the concept of race differ between Brazil and the

A Doll House by Ibsen and The Metamorphosis by Kakfa Essay Example For Students

A Doll House by Ibsen and The Metamorphosis by Kakfa Essay Nature of Study: In the Beginning of Both A Doll House by Ibsen and The Metamorphosis by Kakfa, Nora and the Samsa family seem to be overwhelmingly dependent of Torvald and Gregor. However, they both continuously change throughout the play and the novel. And my intent is to examine this change and come to the conclusion that both are better off without the support and guidance theyve been given. Strategy Employed: Formal Essay Although Kafka portrays the Samsa family as dependents of Gregor in the beginning of Metamorphosis, and Ibsen also portrays Nora as a wife who depends on the support and guidance of her husband in A Doll House, both the Samsa family and Nora prove they can be independent and happy without him and her husband. In Act One of A Doll House a conversation between Mrs. Linde and Nora reveals that Nora has secretly borrowed money to finance a trip to Italy to save the life of her husband, Torvald Helmer, which she hopes to repay without consequence. In comparison, Kafka begins Metamorphosis presenting Gregor as a giant bug whose family accepts this as a treatable illness anticipating a recovery. A Doll House begins with a conversation between Nora and Torvald. Torvald frequently refers to her by play names, as if she were a child. Nora is his little lark twittering (43), his squirrel (43), his little spendthrift (44), his little scatterbrains (44), and his little prodigal (45). The lark and the squirrel are animals that are very vulnerable to death and injury, just as Nora is. By calling her a spendthrift, scatterbrains, and a prodigal, Torvald introduces her as an unintelligent, weak, dependent wife. Her true strengths are revealed in the conversation between Mrs. Linde and herself. When Mrs. Linde inquires how Nora got money to finance the trip to Italy since a woman cannot borrow money without her husbands consent, Nora replies, Oh, but a wife with a little business sense, a wife who knows how to manage (53). Her understanding of business shows that she is intelligent and has other potential outside of the home. She also says, It really hasnt been easy meeting the payments on time. Listen, in the business world theres what they call quarterly interest and what they call amortization (55). Working so long and hard, she is definitely determined and ambitious. And from her willingness to break the law to guarantee Torvalds health definitely shows her courage. She took a big risk taking out that loan. Therefore, she proves to herself that she is capable of being much more than a housewife. Unfortunately, it takes more than that for her to realize this. When Krogstad becomes aware that Nora forged her fathers signature, he continuously blackmails her and causes her to realize her unfulfilled potential. In response, she demands, Hasnt a daughter the right to protect her dying father from worry and anxiety? Hasnt a wife the right to save her husbands life? I dont know much about he law, but Im quite certain that it must say somewhere that things like that are allowed. Dont you, a lawyer, know that? You must be a very stupid lawyer, Mr. Krogstad (67). Her strong words show her potential to be a strong woman. And throughout the story shes becomes stronger and stronger. Moreover, Nora breaking free from her marriage with Torvald is a result of the two letters Krogstad sends. In the first letter, Krogstad reveals to Torvald that Nora forged a signature to get the loan that saved his life. This triggers Noras inevitable fate. When Torvald reads the letter, hes furious. Complaining that she has ruined his happiness and calling her a hypocrite and a liar, Torvald single-handedly proves to Nora that her As you can see, Nora wants nothing to do with Torvald. Shes lived in a manner suitable only for Torvald. .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 , .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 .postImageUrl , .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 , .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929:hover , .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929:visited , .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929:active { border:0!important; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929:active , .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929 .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ec81090394837fceebbd6ccff417929:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Grapes Of Wrath By Steinbeck (395 words) EssayShe worked hard for him around the house and to pay off the debt that saved his life. Everything she did revolved around Torvald. However, she found the courage within her to break free from this emotional imprisonment that Torvald provided for her. She was unappreciated and her potential was unfulfilled. She is better off without him. In comparison, Kafka introduces Gregor in Metamorphosis as the breadwinner of the Samsa family, just as Torvald was. Much like Nora, his family contributes to the household responsibilities, but counts on Gregor for his support and guidance. However, once Gregor awakes as a giant bug and is incapable of guiding and supporting them, the family is forced to take responsibility for themselves and Gregor. As the story unfolds, their attitude towards Gregor begins to change and they become less dependent of him. At first, its clear the family is under the impression that his illness is not hopeless and will pass in time. The milk they put in his room while he is asleep would be a suitable diet for a sick human. And as much as his human sense of hunger makes him want to drink the milk, his body refuses it. Therefore, when his sister Grete realizes he didnt drink any, she brings him a wide variety of fresh and rotten foods that he eats quickly. At this point, Gretes perception of him changes. The idea of eating rotten food doesnt seem very humanlike, and more like that of a bug. In a way, this is comparable to the conversation between Mrs. Linde and Nora where her secret is revealed. Her strengths are apparent here, but she doesnt seem to utilize them yet. In the same sense, the bug isnt very humanlike, but the family still wants to think that he is. The family is a little better off financially than originally anticipated, but the family is aware the money wont last forever. Unfortunately, his mother is asthmatic and his father hasnt worked since his business went under about five years ago. And his sister will have to give up her dream of studying violin, if she plans to make money for the family. This is a major turning point for the family. As difficult as this is for them, they are all forced to take responsibility for their own needs and make Gregor less of a priority.

John Kerry - Speech on the Death of Anne Smedinghoff free essay sample

Free Essays on Italian Culture

. In research on interpersonal distance, body orientation, and touch in correlation with culture, it was found that Italians represent contact cultures. Italian dyads used touch during their interactions more than did the English, French, and Dutch dyads (Remland, Jones, & Brinkman, 1995... Free Essays on Italian Culture Free Essays on Italian Culture History and Demographics: In the United States today, there are currently 26 million Italian-Americans. According to the US Census Bureau, they are the nation’s fifth largest ethnic group. Italian-American’s are mainly middle class republicans living in industrial cities primarily in northeastern states. I chose to study this group because my mother’s side of the family is one hundred percent Italian. I have grown up with certain Italian customs and traditions, so it was interesting for me to research Italian-American families more in depth. In 1850, there were less than 4,000 Italians in America. Between 1876 and 1976 there was mass emigration from Italy to the United States. They were met with hatred and discrimination when first arriving to America mainly because their customs and their strong Catholic religious faith was feared. Physical Characteristics, Last Names, Language: Italian-Americans can be recognized by their physical characteristics as well as their last names. Physical characteristics usually consist of dark hair, dark features, and tan skin. The majority of Italians are shorter than average and have more body hair than average. It is also common that Italians are overweight due to their love of food. Italian last names always end in a vowel such as Fiorda, Trizzino, and Torricelli. The majority of Italian-Americans speak English and have a sense of the Italian language. There are some Italian-American families who still speak Italian in their homes in order to maintain their cultural roots. Italians and Italian-Americans are also recognized for using hand gestures while speaking to emphasize their words. In research on interpersonal distance, body orientation, and touch in correlation with culture, it was found that Italians represent contact cultures. Italian dyads used touch during their interactions more than did the English, French, and Dutch dyads (Remland, Jones, & Brinkman, 1995...

Policy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy Analysis - Essay Example The most fundamental obligation of Homeland Security is to secure and protect the American people. It is the duty and policy of Homeland Security to guide the nation as they commit themselves to achieve a more protected Homeland, which can sustain the people’s way of life. George Bush outlined the range of homeland security threat based on the opening recommendations of National Strategy for Homeland Security. The document provided a good example of how to create public policy (Forest, 2006, p.132). The executive branch of government had to inspect and identify the weaknesses and strengths of Homeland Security. The strengths and weaknesses were identified based on prevention, recovery, protection, deterrence and response. After the identification, the formulated policies intensified the emerging problems leading to the creation of the strategy. The influences of such articles are crucial and should be guarded. It is a statement of purpose without the force of law. The strategy of Homeland Security points out to congress to put on more efforts to work together with homeland security. The congress should not depend on Homeland Security; instead, it should take steps to deliver its responsibilities with respect to protection of the American people and the Homeland. The statement has salient points and the powers required in turning policy into law. It also acts as a reminder on how the president’s powers are delivered to the zenith as they are channelled to legislative and executive branches at the same time. It is extremely valuable to look in detail the roles of the three branches of government in addressing homeland security threats like illegal immigration, street gangs, terrorism, gun ownership, and sale of illegal drugs. Global war on terrorism has triggered the acts relating to how the enemy combatants are treated by use of military operations, conducting local intelligence, and military tribunals. The congress passed a resolution as a respons e to the 9/11 attacks and the continued threat and attacks posed by terrorists (Forest, 2006, p.140). The resolution gave the president powers to apply and emphasize his powers as commander in chief. The president authorizes the use of the necessary force against organizations, persons who planned, committed, and aided the attacks, which occurred in 2001. In addition, under the law, the congress authorises and gives its formal and constitutional powers. In this regard, the United States Army plays the role of defending the national security. This is against continuing threats posed by Iraq and other relevant council resolutions. The president played a role in establishing Iraq’s support of national terrorism. The United States has a long history and valued tradition of welcoming visitors without restrictions. The attacks of 2001 made United States be more cautious because they realise that some visitors come to the United States to raise funds for terrorist activities, and co mmit terrorist acts. It is the responsibility of United States to prevent foreigners with the intent of committing the terrorist attacks. In addition, they should deport, detain, and prosecute other aliens with the same intentions but are residing in the country. After 9/11, the attention of United States enforcement and administration of immigration policy increased (Forest, 2006, 148). The legislation regarding enforcement and a

Molecular basis of aging in relation to fertility Essay

Molecular basis of aging in relation to fertility - Essay Example Aging is defined as â€Å"a progressive, time-dependent deterioration of an organism’s capacity to respond to environmental changes, which ultimately makes it susceptible to death† (Allen and Balin 4). It is a widely-accepted idea that aging is a natural process that occurs in all living organisms. Since the process of aging most likely would be affecting an organism’s overall body functions, it would also greatly affect its capacity to reproduce, eventually leading to a decrease or the loss of fertility of the said organism (Liu and Case 1169). At present, there are numerous links between chromosomal and DNA damage not just to the aging process of an organism but also on fertility. A female’s capacity to conceive and give birth, or a male’s capability to contribute in conceiving a child is called fertility (Masoro 161). In order to proliferate the species well into numerous and succeeding generations, organisms must be able to produce as much offsp ring as possible that are able to adapt to the current environment that they live on. For that to happen, the process called natural selection takes place (Torday and Rehan 12). Also, the energy that flows within the organism is appropriated in such a way that during the process of reproduction, most of the energy from the consumption of food is distributed to the body’s reproductive systems, mostly to the rapidly-dividing cells called the gametes. However, once the organism starts the process of aging, the energy being exerted for reproduction is reduced and more focus is given to the maintenance of the organism’s body, especially when there is the presence of a rapid breakdown of cells as well as the decline of cell-to-cell communication within the systems and organs (13). Not only is the production of cells affected by aging, but also the process of DNA replication and repair as well. Due to the proliferation of damaged DNA especially in the sex cells of the organis m, it would eventually contribute to the creation of deformed or dysfunctional oocytes or spermatozoa that would eventually be the cause of the loss of reproductive capability or infertility among aging organisms (Sikka 78). Among pregnant women, the imbalance of antioxidants and pro-oxidants may result to oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could affect DNA production when in excess, or affect cell-signaling pathways when deficient (Dupont, Cordier and Junien 25). Also, due to the age-associated decline of female fertility can be attributed to the abnormalities found in the oocytes themselves. Due to the abnormalities in the folding of the DNA and eventually, the abnormalities in the alignment of the chromosomes during meiosis and diakinesis which can be attributed to the mutations in the microtubules, preimplantation of embryos or aneuploidy in the fertilized egg may cause spontaneous abortions among older pregnant females (The Practice Committee of the Am erican Society for Reproductive Medicine (PCASRM) 248). Male fertility is also greatly affected by ROS, wherein the spermatozoa membranes would be highly-susceptible to oxygen damage due to the peroxidation of lipid membranes, damaging the sperm and rendering them incapable of fertilizing the ovum (Sikka 78). Also, the presence of errors in the DNA called nicks could also contribute to male infertility due to loosely-packed DNA and chromatin disorganization (Sakkas, Urner and Bizzaro 11). These nicks may be attributed to age-induced DNA

Self Esteem Essay Example for Free

Self Esteem Essay You cant touch it, but it affects how you feel. You cant see it, but its there when you look at yourself in the mirror. You cant hear it, but its there every time you talk about yourself. What is this important but mysterious thing? Its your self-esteem! Self Esteem is defined as confidence in your own merit as an individual. Our self-esteem is instilled in us during our youth. There are two types of self-esteem. There is high self-esteem which is when you feel good about yourself, and then there is low self-esteem which is when you feel bad about yourself. see more:explain the link between identity self image and self esteem Being constantly criticized by family, friends, and society tends to slowly strip us of our feelings of self-worth. Your self-esteem, however, is something more fundamental than the normal ups and downs associated with situational changes. For people with good self-esteem, normal ups and downs may lead to temporary fluctuations in how they feel about themselves, but only to a limited extent. In contrast, for people with poor self-esteem, these ups and downs drastically impact the way they see themselves. A dynamic relationship exists between self-esteem and skill development. As a child improve in self-esteem, his academic competence increases. And as that competence increases, his self-esteem improves. One of the main factors differentiating humans from other animals is the awareness of self: the ability to form an identity and then attach a value to it. In other words, you have the capacity to define who you are and then decide if you like that identity or not. The problem of self-esteem is this human capacity for judgment. It’s one thing to dislike certain colors, noises, shapes, or sensations. But when you reject parts of yourself, you greatly damage the psycho logical structures that literally keep you alive. Judging and rejecting yourself causes enormous pain. Now-a-days many organizations and the international council on self-esteem serves to promote public and personal awareness of the benefits of a healthy sense of self-esteem and personal responsibility and to establish conditions within families, schools, businesses and governments that foster these qualities. Because self-esteem is a feeling not a skill it can only be measured by observing the way in which a person acts or behaves. However, what we feel about ourselves is not based solely on what we do. It usually involves our relationships with others and whether we feel worthwhile as people. We have a basic human need to be wanted, noticed, and included. Observing ourselves in relation to other people can be a helpful source of learning and feedback. Yet all too often comparison slips into competition. The reality is we are all different. Each of us has strengths and limitation which we need to learn about and learn to live with. Do not assume you are not important; other people have an effect on you and you affect them. It is no good waiting for others or circumstances to leave us feeling better about ourselves. So accept responsibility for your own actions: as we cannot make other people change, we need to make the changes ourselves.

The West African Regional War Essay -- Politics Government Africa War

The West Africa Regional War For observers of the West Africa regional war, the recent calm in the war-torn Mano River Union (MRU) states Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea has given rise to optimism. Guarded, as this optimism might be, the decrease in violence in West Africa during the second half of 2001 is an important development given the scope and intensity of fighting that gripped these states earlier in the year. While observers agree that the current absence of widespread violent conflict in the MRU is a much-welcomed development, it must not mask the profound cleavages within these societies, the tenuous nature of the UN-imposed peace in Sierra Leone, and the continued serious threat of renewed warfare in the region. A brief overview of the horrendous and persistent conflicts that have engulfed the MRU over the past decade underscores the need for vigilance by the international community in its pursuit of lasting peace in West Africa. The past dozen years of violent conflict in West Africa have led to the death, injury, and mutilation of hundreds of thousands of people and the displacement of millions more. Conservative estimates place the total number of war-related deaths during the seven-year civil war in Liberia (1989 1996) at 150,000, more than 5 percent of Liberia's estimated population (SIPRI Yearbook, 1996). But this number only begins to tell the story of the horror that civil war brought to this small nation of 2.8 million [United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Human Development Report, 1995]. Hundreds of thousands more Liberians were injured, displaced, and terrorized by the conflict, and today the tiny state remains the hostage of its corrupt and brutal dictator, Charles Taylor. After the war spread into Sierra Leone in 1991, it had a similarly devastating effect. As in Liberia, armed insurgents preyed on the rural populations, raping, pillaging, and forcefully inducting children into their ranks. During the eight years of warfare that followed, it is estimated (conservatively) that over 60,000 of Sierra Leone's estimated 4.2 million inhabitants were killed and hundreds of thousands more injured, mutilated, and displaced (SIPRI Yearbook, 2001; UNDP, Human Development Report, 1995). The 2001 UNDP Human Development Report ranks Sierra Leone last out of the 162 nations rated on the human development index (HDI), a composite ... ...ll play in the future of the region. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Develop a mid- and long-term regional plan for West Africa that accounts for big-picture economic and human development trends. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Implement the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act as soon as possible and draft and then implement AGOA II, thus extending the number of products covered by the legislation. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buttress socio-economic development in Nigeria, the most populous and perhaps most important U.S. ally in sub-Saharan Africa. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cut off financial resources to warlords who gain sustenance from non-state profiteers like diamond and timber buyers as well as from state actors intent on creating instability to further their own political and economic goals. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Continue military assistance to the key regional armies to professionalize them and build linkages with the United States. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Speed up debt forgiveness, especially for those countries that play by the rules and are in the process of socio-economic liberalization. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase aid to the region as an investment in stability, socio-economic development, and the creation of new markets for the United States and to help prevent state collapse.

Sordaria Fimicola Crossings Linkage Analysis And Frequency Biology Essay

AbstractionThe intent of this probe is to find the frequence of meiotic divisions analyzed from intercrossed crossings collected from different strains of the fungus Sordaria fimicola. The experiment was conducted to show intercrossed crossings with MI and MII forms of ascospores within the asci. Over the class of seven yearss, the sample of Sordaria was incubated and fused under research lab conditions. In the outer countries of the blocks of agar, hyphae growing from the mutant sunburn strain ( t-g+ ) and wild-type black strain ( t+g+ ) was seeable through the â€Å" X-shaped † and outer rims of the Petri dish. By placing the sums of non-hybrid and intercrossed MI and MII asci, the observation of ascospores within the asci displayed the one possible form of MI, and the four possible forms of MII. The first portion of the laboratory experiment formed a hypothesis foretelling that 8 ascospores would ensue from two phases of Meiosis and one phase of Mitosis. After ciphering the frequence of traversing over, the map distance of the cistron to the kinetochore in the sunburn colored cistron observed was 32 map units, significantly different from the projected void hypothesis and expected 26 map units.IntroductionMany research probes utilize the common fungus Sordaria fimicola as a primary and dependable theoretical account being for exposing genetic sciences due to its house construction and life rhythm. Maping the distance between the tan cistron ( t-g+ ) and the centromere requires careful readying of a amalgamate sample of Sordaria already incorporating intercrossed and non intercrossed agreem ents in the ascus. By mensurating the sums of intercrossed MI ( non-crossover ) asci and MII ( crossing over ) asci, and ciphering the frequence of crossing over, the per centum of Asci may besides be calculated from the rate of crossing overs throughout the experiment. With an apprehension of frequence of crossing over, biological political orientations such as version, mutant, and recombination are expressed to the full within the experiment. The void hypothesis provinces that there will non be a considerable difference between the expected 26 map units and the ascertained map distance from the gathered category informations ( Helms, Kosinski, Cummings, 350 ) . Corporate attempt from each bench to cipher the right sum of asci assigned will surely impact the frequence of computation and rejection or credence of the void hypothesis. Biological development closely relates to the procedure of Sordaria crossing overs. Mendel ‘s Law of Independent Assortment is straight validated through the life rhythm of the fungus. As a member of Ascomycota, Sordaria fimicola patterns â€Å" rigorous sexual reproduction † , and provides the easiest visual image of miosis I, II, and mitotic division found in the ascus ( Volk ) . Some features that display the relaxation of observation prevarication in the Sordaria fimicola construction. Elongated nature of the ascus prevents the imbrication of ascospores. Therefore, carefully ruptured perithecia are justly lined up harmonizing to the production of miosis of sunburn and black spores: doing it comparatively easier to execute with more efficiency in numbering MI and MII forms. With its phenotype about tantamount to its genotype, due to the absence of another dominant allelomorph, the accurate physical traits are examined straight from the familial make-up of Sordaria ( H elms, Kosinski, Cummings, 334 ) . During intercrossed crossing overs in Prophase I, a four forms four haploid karyon, each of which so form two monoploid karyon, taking to a sum of eight ascospores in a individual ascus. Generally, Sordaria is a common fungus for genetic sciences research because of assorted grounds centered on the relaxation in the presentation of Meiosis, observation of construction, and/or behaviour of its life rhythm. Growth of the Sordaria fungus is a important factor and dependent variable carried out throughout the survey. The Ascomycota fungus merely grows under the conditions of break uping flora, doing it available for foods to be absorbed and increase hyphae growing and extension ( â€Å" Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola † ) . The consequences of this survey could lend to a broader cognition of mutant, biodiversity, and segregation. Further applications towards look intoing meiotic and mitotic crossing overs and map distances may shortly suggest new readings of Mendel ‘s Torahs.Materials and MethodsDuring hebdomad one of the experiment, wild -type black ( + ) and mutant sunburn ( T ) civilizations of Sordaria fimicola were obtained and while utilizing sterile technique, placed in a unfertile Petri dish divided into four subdivisions labeled for the two cistron colourss. After a metal spatula was disinfected into 95 % ethyl alcohol, it was heated utilizing a Bunsen burner and cooled for 10 to 15 seconds. While carefully raising the palpebra of the Petri dish somewhat to forestall taint, a block of agar was removed and transferred faced down for mycelium linkage and traversing agar. After re-flaming the spatula and reiterating proper sterile technique, the procedure was repeated with wild type ( + ) black strain and two mutation ( T ) sunburn strains positioned on the Markss of the Petri dish bespeaking the labelled asset ( + ) mark. After all necessary blocks of agar have been placed in the proper subdivisions of the Petri dish, the home bases were incubated in 22 to 24A °C temperature in the dark for 7 yearss. During hebdomad two, a home base of Sordaria fimicola incorporating the merger of black and tan strains were obtained for the analysis of loanblends and non loanblends within the 8 produced ascospores. Using a toothpick, the surface of the home base along the â€Å" X-shaped country † was scraped gently to roll up a sample of perithecia. A slide of perithecia was prepared by dropping H2O on a slide the collected perithecia, and so secured with a coverslip. Before puting the slide under a 10x Objective microscope, the slide was foremost gently pressured with a pencil eraser or tantamount force per unit area arrow tearing the perithecia without destructing the construction of the ascus. Using the microscope, slides were examined to turn up loanblend and non intercrossed asci. Class information on Numberss of MI, MII, Total Asci, per centum of crossing over, and frequence were calculated. A Chi -Square Test was performed since necessary. ( Helms, Kosinski, Cummings 336 -350 ) .Co nsequencesBench DataBench # of MI Asci 4+4 # of MII Asci 2+2+2+2 2+4+2 Entire ( MI+ MII ) % Asci Showing Crossover Frequency/2 ( Map Units ) A 8 12 20 60 % 30 Bacillus 5 5 10 50 % 25 C 13 14 27 52 % 26 Calciferol 9 11 20 55 % 27.5 Tocopherol 7 13 20 65 % 32.5 F 49 110 159 69 % 34.6 Gram 8 12 20 60 % 30Class Data ( sums )# of MI Asci 4+4 # of MII Asci 2+2+2+2 2+4+2 Entire MI +MII % of Asci Showing Crossover Frequency /2 ( Map Units )9917727664 %32I†¡A? = I? ( Observed – Expected ) A?__________________ i? I†¡A? = 16.291Expected P & lt ; 0.001, reject void hypothesis because 26 a†° 32 Degree of freedom ( d?’ ) = 1DiscussionBased on the single bench consequences, the figure of entire MI and MII asci counted depended on the figure of asci assigned per individual. For illustration, since there were merely two bench members in Bench B and each bench member in the category were assigned to happen and number 5 intercrossed crossing overs each, accordingly, there was a sum of 10 MI and MII asci for Bench B, shown on the tabular array. Harmonizing to the Biology Lab manual, 26 map units was the published map distance of the sunburn spore cistron from the kinetochore ( Helms 350 ) . The degree of frequence is closely related to how â€Å" slackly † or â€Å" tightly † linked cistrons are on the chromosome. For this experiment, the divergences between the frequences of the benches separately does non look drastic, although the consequences from Bench F shows a rebuff over computation of entire asci counted, hence ensuing with the highest frequence degree of 34.6, manner over the expected 26 map units. Analyzing the category informations as a whole, with 276 entire MI and MII Asci counted, the per centum ( % ) of Asci demoing crossing over was 64 % , giving a frequence of 32 map units. In order to warrant if there is a important difference between the 32 map units observed and the 26 map units expected, we perform a Chi -Square computation. With I†¡A? bing 16.291, my decision is that the category information demonstrates a much higher frequence than expected. The grade of freedom ( d?’ ) for the experiment was 1, from n-1, with 2 properties MI and MII. Since the chance value ( P ) was greater than ( & gt ; ) 0.05, we rejected the void hypothesis and accepted the alternate hypothesis asseverating that our ascertained frequence of 32 map units is significantly different from the expected 26 map units provided by published consequences. Possible Beginnings of mistake can be closely examined from the bench informations consequences. Besides an over computation of MI and MII asci, mentioned earlier that produced inconsistent figures, another beginning of misreckoning may hold come from counting/including intercrossed crossing overs that had a 3-1-2 or 2-3-1 unnatural agreement. Many times pupils were obligated to reconstitute a new slide of perithecia because their slide either did non hold adequate loanblends, or they ruptured the vulnerable perithecia falsely, turn outing really clip devouring. Overall, the conducted lab was precise in ciphering the frequence. Sordaria fimicola probes have multiple intents and applications. If conducted right, the fungus demonstrates an accurate agreement of spores ensuing from the meiotic and mitotic divisions. In a really similar research lab experiment, Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola, the same attacks of the two labs shared common processs including: traversing a wild type and mutant type cistron, turning the hyphae in decomposing flora, and ciphering the familial map distances. Calculating the figure of map units will be consistent throughout most Sordaria fimicola surveies because the frequence of traversing over is ever divided by 2 ( because frequence of recombination is precisely.5 of frequence crossed over ) proved in most probes. The relaxation of turning agar on Petri dishes and traversing a wild type and mutant cistron additions recombination of familial stuff, taking to additions in the scope of genotypes, paving a manner towards future additions in biological development.Menti onsHelms, Doris R. , Carl W. Helms, Robert J. Kosinski, and John R. Cummings. Biology in the Laboratory Third Edition: Biol 1161 & A ; Biol 1162: Intoduction to Biological Sciences Laboratory University of Houston. Third. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1998. 334-352. Print. â€Å" Meiosis and Recombination in Sordaria Fimicola. † n. pag. Web. 8 Mar 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lehigh.edu/~mrk5/bios116 % 20- % 20sordaria.pdf & gt ; . Volk, Tom. â€Å" Sordaria Fimicola, a fungus used in genetic sciences. † n. pag. Web. 6 Mar 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/mar2007.html & gt ; .

Homer’s Epic The Odyssey Essay - 645 Words

A hero isn’t shaped by his strengths but by the values he possesses. Homer’s epic, The Odyssey, reveals the moral and ethical constitution of the ancient Greeks. Over time, certain cultures have grown to value a number of human characteristics. Those who acquire such values become respected heroes. After the fall of Troy, the protagonist of the epic, Odysseus, set sail for his home, Ithaca, where his faithful wife and son were waiting for him. Over the course of his journey, Odysseus faced some of the most ferocious opponents known to the Greeks. Even through this formidable journey, Odysseus and his family have stayed true to the diverse aspects of the ancient Greeks. The Odyssey exemplifies the human ideals of hospitality, loyalty and†¦show more content†¦After twenty years apart from Odysseus, Penelope longed for her husband to return with the frank hope that he still lived. She stayed faithful to Odysseus even when everyone declared he was dead and her hand some suitors battled for her hand in marriage. Loyalty is the most desired value in an individual, human or not, whether it’s toward your family, country, or a cause. Perseverance is a human quality expressed in The Odyssey that the Greeks valued. As Charybdis sucked up the water and everything in it, Odysseus â€Å"sprang for the great fig tree†¦nowhere had [he] to stand, no way of climbing†¦but [he] clung grimly† (807-813). Odysseus was determined to make it back to his wife and he wouldn’t let even a great force like Charybdis stop him from that. With sheer willpower he hung on to that branch for hours and hours until the monster spit out his raft. When his ship landed in Thrinacia, Odysseus warned his crew that â€Å"the cattle here are not for [their] provision, or [they] pay dearly for it† (676-677). Odysseus’ crew were tired and hungry hence they wanted to stop as long as they promised to not slaughter Helios’ cattle for food. Hunger overcame them and Odysseus was the only one who resisted the temptation of a nice meal in order to live one more day. The desire to survive and achieve is a charact eristic of anShow MoreRelatedEpic Passages of The Epic of Gilgamesh and Homers Odyssey921 Words   |  4 Pageshero? In the two epic passages The Epic of Gilgamesh and Homers Odyssey, heroism appears to be a clear distinction with the literature, and has the same basic framework as today’s definition of a hero. Historically, in the texts, heroes such as Gilgamesh and Odysseus are protagonists viewed and credited with great bravery and most certainly heroism. Nearly all of the heroic figures throughout time, both fictitious and living and are viewed as a protagonist in their own epic challenge or struggleRead MoreOdysseus As The Epic Hero In Homers Odyssey1019 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus as the Epic Hero in Homer’s The Odyssey A style of work often explored in Greek literature is that of the epic. An expansive poem of a wide scope centered on and regarding the wondrous deeds of the main, heroic figure, on whose actions depend the fate of a nation. The definition of an epic can be used to describe The Odyssey by Homer. In The Odyssey we are introduced to our main character, Odysseus, the former king of Ithaca and a Trojan war hero who has been trapped on an Island by theRead MoreEpic Hero in Homers The Odyssey Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesEpic Hero in Homers The Odyssey With its larger-than-life plot twists, The Odyssey is a classic representation of an epic in literature. With that understood, it is no surprise that the main character of the story helps to define an epic hero. A character must express certain virtues to be considered such. Strength, courage, and nobility are almost prerequisites. Cleverness is an added bonus. Odysseus possesses many characteristics and virtues that make him a true representation of an epic heroRead MoreEssay on Homers Odyssey as a Moral Epic2528 Words   |  11 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   A large number of the works of ancient poetry and literature have been said to carry a moral undertone. Homers Odyssey is no exception. This essay explores the moral positions that the poem seems to adopt. Subsequently, it will show that while the Odyssey is indeed a moral epic, the moral position of the main characters themselves, namely Odysseus and the Gods, can, at times, be questionable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Loyalty is one moral value that is evident throughout the poem. NoRead MoreHomers Epic Poem, The Odyssey Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesIn Homers epic poem, the Odyssey, the recurring theme of intelligence is important because through intelligence, Odysseus is able to utilize wit and cunning to suit his needs and wants, as well as defeat bigger and stronger opponents than he. Through the stories of Odysseus sufferings throughout the Trojan War and his struggles of homecoming, Homer portrays intelligence as being an effective application of strength used to gain an advantage over his opponents. Odysseus is depicted as an intellectualRead MoreOdysseus As An Epic Journey In The Odyssey By Homers Odyssey900 Words   |  4 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Influenced by the title of The Odyssey by Homer, an Odyssey is defined as an epic journey. The Odyssey, by Homer and translated by Robert Fagles, explores the epic journey of the title character Odysseus on his voyage home from the Trojan War. However, the first four books of The Odyssey focus on Odysseuss son, Telemachus, and his journey to become â€Å"the true son of Odysseus† (2.2). This role requires Telemachus to emulate the qualities that Odysseus held while the king of Ithaca prior to theRead MoreEssay about Comparing Homers Odyssey and The Epic of Gilgamesh816 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Homers Odyssey and The Epic of Gilgamesh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh are two incredible stories written long ago. These two epics share many of the same concepts. Such as the nostro (the Greek term for homecoming), xenis (guest/host relationship), oikos (household), and aganoriss (recognition). In both epics these themes are illustrated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Odyssey the theme of nostro is very prevalent in this epic. Basically the whole story is based around this conceptRead MoreThe Impacts Of The Odyssey In Homers The Odyssey1166 Words   |  5 PagesHomer’s epic poem The Odyssey follows Odysseus on his long journey home. The Epic also includes the stories of Odysseus’ family left behind: the travels of his son, Telemachus, and how plenty, of what we would now call â€Å"home wreckers†, suitors pressured his wife, Penelope, into marrying one of them. The characters are beautifully crafted and the story is truly epic. All the elements presented can bring in any reader from any century, the Cyclops, the Gods, the trickery of Penelope, and the disguisesRead MoreHomer’S Two Tales, The Iliad And The Odyssey, Are Both1749 Words   |  7 PagesHomer’s two tales, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are both incredibly well known and widely taught across the world and at many different leve ls of education. Some call Homer the â€Å"greatest poet to ever live† and although this can be disputed his works truly speak for themselves and have braved the test of time quite well. This paper will cover who/whom Homer is as a person, or persons, and the time period of his writings, the truths versus the dramatizations of the Iliad and Odyssey, how the author’sRead MoreTheme Of Violence In The Odyssey1025 Words   |  5 Pages The Odyssey by Homer is a literary classic that presents many themes about the natures of both man and god. Although the characters of the book display characteristics relatable to those of the people today, one of the most prevalent differences between the two eras and their people is the intense violence that takes place throughout the entirety of the epic. This violence serves several functions in the work as a whole. The violence that is enacted upon the characters of The Odyssey serve as a

Art And Its Impact On Society - 2359 Words

Art as a realm possesses an untamed power to document, address and question. It is a liberating force that extends beyond the socio-political norms of its time. The unconscious aim of art is progress, through the means of deconstructing what is said to be normal. Arguably, art is a product of its culture; although, once it is created it becomes the means by which to shape it. A great work of art is reactionary, especially within a Western environment. This view became widely spread with the rise of Modernism. A progressive approach towards the arts and their impact, started to evolve by the middle of the 19th century. During the 1871 Paris Commune, ‘subversive art’ became a recreation of the revolutionary politics of the time, driven by a group of embattled artist (Levenson. 2011. p. 12). ‘The political desire to transform society met the aesthetic desire to represent and to circulate the signs of transformation’ (Ibid. p. 13); this reveals the relati onship of art with politics. This is due to the ability of art to speak a language that is not confined by any geographical borders and is by nature a liberated form of expression. Therefore, it can address and influence all those who are willing to witness and interpret. Alongside the creative authority of being an artist he or she is held accountable for the contextual essence of their work as the creator, especially in relation to political art (Cohen. 2015). Once an artwork adopts a political identity it createsShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of the Arts on Society1037 Words   |  4 PagesArt has been long seen as a prevailing influence on society and is increasingly developing every day. There have been many efforts taken to amplify systematic methods for assessing these influences. Many cities either highlight the arts or reduce these social inclusions. Some places go on to have academic achievements and economic development just to portray the existing arts in their cities. With all that being done, there is definitely an impact on social and community life whether that is a positiveRead MoreArt And Its Impact On Society1471 Words   |  6 Pages Art plays a very important role in our society, it is an opportunity to express what we fee l, what we think, what we hope, what we love or hate, what we want to change, how we visualize the future, and what motivate us. As humans we have the natural necessity to express and show those feelings. Art has existed throughout the years and across the world in some form or another. It is a part of our daily lives and has huge meaning to all the different cultures across the world. Read MoreA Work Of Art And Its Impact On Society1503 Words   |  7 PagesA work of art is something that touches the emotions of people. Without saying a word, art often speaks volumes to its viewers by challenging the current ideological orders, which are better known as the ways in which society thinks, acts, and functions on a daily basis. One of the most powerful art forms in terms of influencing society is a monument, which can be defined as a large manmade structure built to commemorate a significant person or event in history. Like all forms of art, monumentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Art And Its Impact On Society2506 Words   |  11 Pages Throughout history, one of the most expressive mediums through which humans can convey their thoughts is via art. Whether it is through sculpture, painting, or a print, an artist is capable of making a political statement or endorsing an idea simply by subtly alluding to it in their work. Alternatively, an artist can be forthri ght with their ideals as would have been the case for people such as the Dadaists. In any case, artists are able to support a lot more than just beauty in their work, andRead MoreAboriginal Art And Its Impact On Aboriginal Society2348 Words   |  10 PagesAustralian Indigenous art is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world. Initial forms of artistic Aboriginal expression were rock carvings, body painting and ground designs, which date back more than 30,000 years. The quality and variety of Australian Indigenous art produced today reflects the richness and diversity of Indifenous culture and distinct differences between tribes, languages, dialects and geographic landscapes. Art has always been an important of Aboriginal life, connection pastRead MorePostmodern Art And Its Impact On Modern Society2133 Words   |  9 PagesPostmodern art is typically anti-establishment and rebellious, the beginning of postmodern art can be found in the late 1950’s-1960’s altho ugh the term was first used around 1970. The movement differed from previous movements as it deliberately went against the rules, artists used many different disciplines within one piece of work. A core value of postmodern art is that it is for everyone and tries to be a connection between art and everyday life. Modernism triggered post-modernism, modernismRead MoreThe Impact Of Art On Society s Influence On Social Behavior, Reprehensible, Dirty, Nothing More Than Propaganda1939 Words   |  8 PagesSome people are advocates of the opinion that art designed to influence social behavior is reprehensible, dirty, nothing more than propaganda, and so on. However, it is impossible to present a complete picture of art if we ignore its function of a social protest; the history of art provides us with many examples. Painting can be an extremely powerful form of protest against inequity, atrocity or inequality. Traditionally, painting is usually supportive of the political needs of old-established orderRead MoreThe Real Life Application : Beauty Is One s Positive And Admiring Feeling Or Understanding Towards One Object794 Words   |  4 Pagesone object. In twenty first century, individuals are bonded with beauty that the society, or the shared knowledge, have agreed for trillion years, yet different people holds different opinion whether they admire an object or not. Therefore, I agree that beauty can have different interpretation based on the shared knowledge and personal knowledge that one experienced. Knowing that there are various interpretation of arts, the real life application that comes to my mind to ask â€Å"how do we weigh beauty†Read MoreArt Is A Catalyst Of Change1212 Words   |  5 PagesArt is a catalyst of change. It can confront both social and political issues as well as providing people with a creative outlet in which they can express their innermost thoughts an d feelings - but what effect can art have on our society as a whole? Artists today have the unique ability to connect with people in a creative, innovative way that they can understand and interpret themselves. With this ability, artists are able to express their own views as well as influencing the views of others. ArtRead MoreSociology Of Art : A Reader1625 Words   |  7 Pages Art holds a high position in the world and in society due to its use, such as documenting events in history with things like cave paintings and literature, and expressing oneself through art in religion and the things we envision, and what we want the world, our society, to be. When it comes to the question of which better effects which, in the terms of â€Å"...art...and society†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , it is clearly shown that the arts are highly affected by both societal and cultural constructs. And when it comes to

The Journal Article Linking Lack Of Care - 936 Words

The Journal Article â€Å"Linking Lack of Care in Childhood to Anxiety Disorders in Emerging Adulthood: the Role of Attachment Styles† discusses the research of what the title suggests, which is aimed at looking at the effects of childhood neglect and anxious-ambivalent attachment styles in the development in anxiety disorders (Schimmenti 42). Recently, the idea of emotional neglect â€Å"playing a key role† (Schimmenti 41) in the development of anxiety disorder has been a growing interest for Psychology researchers. Emotional neglect happens when a parent unintentionally overlooks the signs that that a child needs attention or comfort and not fulfilling a child’s emotional needs. Examples of this behavior includes: rejecting the child, withholding love, constant belittling, denying the child opportunities for interacting, and failing to provide psychological care. The role of attachment styles is also assumed to have a big impact on anxiety disorders in adulthoo d. Attachment is important in all stages of human life; in childhood it allows a child to maintain connection with a parent for protection and survival and in adolescence and adulthood it allows an individual to seek a safe haven and develop intimate relationships both which help deal with stress. Attachment styles are divided into three categories: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment and avoidant attachment. Adults and adolescents that are securely attached tend to have high self-esteem and enjoy intimateShow MoreRelatedNursing Curriculum : A Call For Change913 Words   |  4 Pagesa priority. The passing of the Affordable Care Act increases the amount of clients being seen in the inpatient and outpatient settings. Therefore, it is prudent to educate nursing students in a way that prepares them for this increasingly complex health care system. 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Telehealth is clearly positive effecting healthcare todayRead MoreMy Organization s Customer Service Model1208 Words   |  5 Pagesservice, describe how patient satisfaction is measured, and why customer satisfaction is tied to reimbursement. My hospital’s organizational mission is to build and cultivate a culture of excellence that delivers on the promise of personalized health care and increases staff and patient satisfaction. The department uses the P4 medicine model to deliver exceptional patient experience by predicting, preventing, personalizing and participating. The model uses these elements to predict the needs of ourRead MoreThe Study Of Child Psychopathology796 Words   |  4 PagesKim, J., Cicchetti, D. (2009). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 706-716. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x/abstract The study of child psychopathology is a more recent discussion topic among professionals and experts in the psychology field. There have been several studies that support the idea that child psychopathology is

Stranger than fiction free essay sample

Stranger Than Fiction In the film ‘Stranger than fiction’ by Mark Fortster, the director portrays the issue of time and how it has affected the protagonist who is Harold Crick. Harold Crick is an IRS agent who lives a ‘life of solitude’ and monotony. Harold Crick lives a calculated life timed to perfection by his wrist watch. This lasted for 12 years until one regular Wednesday when he hears the voice of Karen Eiffel narrating his life. The issue of time pays such a vital role in stranger than fiction and is shown right at the start of the film but is most notably noticed when his wrist watch shuts down and leads to his ‘imminent death’. During the opening scene of the film we are introduced to Harold Crick who is described as a man of ‘infinite numbers’ and ‘endless calculations’ but also shows the importance of time. The director uses an extreme wide shot of earth zooming onto Harold’s wrist watch to portray the idea of the issue of time. The opening scene sets the scene throughout the movie. The significance of the extreme wide shot zooming onto Harold’s wrist watch is that it acts as Harold’s companion and is seen as his way to make the most out of his time. This shows how the issue of time is affecting Harold’s life even though he doesn’t know it his mundane lifestyle is only breached when the announces in a 3rd person omniscience view that his ‘seeming innocuous decision would lead to his imminent death’ when he starts to live his life to the fullest before in time he dies. The wrist watch is a very important motif throughout the movie. The wrist watch is given a persona and quote ‘his wristwatch thought it made his neck look fat but said nothing’. The wristwatch could be seen as Harold’s self-conscious but also portrays the issue of time throughout the movie. This is evident from the start of the film that it is important because of the extreme wide shot zooming onto the watch which suggests this. The watch is portrayed as the issue of time for Harold which he has relied on for 12 years but ironically cause his death. Throughout the film the director uses a narrator to portray Harold Crick’s life in a 3rd person omniscience view. This is important because it gives us an understanding of Harold’s life but also helps Harold leave his mundane lifestyle and live his life by playing guitar and dating Ana Pascal. The narrator, Karen Eiffel is known for killing her main characters so the issue of time. Because of this Harold has to try find Karen Eiffel and try to stop her from killing him. This issue of time helps Harold try new stuff and helps him have a better social life by staying with Dave and dating Ana which helps him find a new man hidden inside of him. The narrator sparks a revival in his life which he does not time every second but lives his life. During the movie ‘Stranger than Fiction’ by Mark Forster the use of extreme wide shots, motifs and a narrator helps to portray the idea of the issue of time. At the end of the movie Karen Eiffel says to Professor Jules Hilbert â€Å"A man that knows he is going to die and dies willingly, isn’t that the kind of man you want to live† shows that the issue of time didn’t shape the man, the man shaped the issue of time. The Book Thief During the novel ‘The Book Thief ‘by Markus Zusak, the Author portrays the power of words through a 10 year old girl. This girl is Leisel Meiminger a girl living in Nazi Germany who has a love of words. Leisel saw a lot as a 10 year old. She saw her brother die right I front of her, her mother abandoned her and she fell in love with words and learnt the power of words. That year she also met her foster parents Hans and Rosa Huberman. For Leisel her next 4 years are the most important of her life where she reads 14 books, her family hides a Jew and Molching, Germany gets bombed. Leisel as she gets older use words for good and bad. During her first months on Himmel Street her papa taught her how to read and write. These midnight lessons helped her to understand words. The words that she first fell in love with were the words of the fuhrer. This is shown during Leisel’s dream on the train quote â€Å"She was listening contentedly to the torrent of words that as spilling from his mouth. His sentences glowed in the light†. This dream shows how positively she views the fuhrer and shows how he had miss used words by using propaganda and now Leisel was in favor of Hitler. As Leisel matures she learns how Hitler had misused the power of words and she announces ‘’ I hate Hitler’’ this quote shows how her opinion has changed. During the bombings in 1943 Leisel learns how words can be used to calm others down. Whilst in the bomb shelter she reads her books which consequently calms everyone down which make them forget they are getting bombed. Even though she uses words for good she also uses them for bad. Her mama 2, Rosa Huberman to makes ends meet she does the washing and ironing for the rich people living in Molching. Whilst delivering and picking up washing she falls in love with the mayor’s wife’s library here she reads. This is not a relationship based on speaking it is a relationship based on words. On the day there last washing and ironing client fired them (The mayor) Leisel fires a torrent of words at the mayor’s wife â€Å"It’s about time†¦ that you do your own stinking washing anyway. It’s about time you faced the fact that your son is dead. He got killed† These words shows that even good people can misuse the power of words. Even though she did use them poorly she helped Ilsa Hermann sort her life out and get over the death of her son. The ideas of the power of words portrayed by Markus Zusak is still important today because they can still hurt people or heal people. Today people use words to gain power over people. Some are for good like the pope or your school principle but some are for bad like Mussolini or Hitler. Words are as powerful now as they were then but people now have more words and more ways of distributing there evil ways with words but in society there are still people like Leisel doing good with words. In the Novel ‘’The Book Thief’’ the author Markus Zusak portrays the idea of the power of words through a 10 year old girl living Nazi Germany named Leisel Meiminger. Leisel learns that words can be used for good and evil. She says â€Å"I have loved words and I have hated them but I hope I have made them right†

Anthrax Vaccination Program Essay Example For Students

Anthrax Vaccination Program Essay On May 18, 1998, Secretary of Defense William Cohen approved a plan to vaccinate all U.S. service members for anthrax. This plan has caused a fierce ethical debate over the legitimacy of this vaccination. The Department of Defense claims the vaccination is completely safe and has been in use for decades. Some doctors dispute this claim, and contend the vaccination may not be effective against weapon versions of anthrax. Many service members have refused the vaccination and have either separated or faced formal punishment for their decision. The Bioport Corporation of Lansing Michigan is the only company that produces the anthrax vaccine. According to a Phoenix Times article, the original Bioport plant had to be demolished due to quality control problems. A new plant was built, but it also failed FDA inspections in December of 1999. Subsequently, the process of administering the vaccination to all service members has been suspended. The vaccination is currently administered only to pe rsonnel deploying to high threat areas of the world. The Joint Staff has designated Korea, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen, and Israel as high-threat areas. The immunization is administered in a series of six shots over an eighteen-month period, with annual boosters. The following analysis will contain a brief discussion about both sides of this issue. To understand why the Department of Defense feels it is essential to take such precautions, it is first necessary to have some understanding of what anthrax is. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia defines anthrax as a contagious disease of warm-blooded animals, including humans, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. There are three types of anthrax diseases. The first is cutaneous anthrax, which is caused by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The second type is gastrointestinal anthrax, which is caused by ingestion of contaminated meat. The last typ e is inhalation anthrax, which is the type used in biological weapons. It is caused by the inhalation of anthrax spores and it is the most deadly type of the disease. One of the most effective defenses against inhaling the deadly spores is a properly worn gas mask. The DOD fears that by the time an attack is detected, it will be too late to don protective clothing. Theory suggests that immunization may be the only chance of surviving an attack. With so many biological weapons in production, one may wonder why bother with a vaccination that is only going to protect personnel against one type of weapon. The DOD feels that anthrax spores are the top choice in biological weapons for germ warfare. They say it is one of the most effective biological weapons because it is almost always deadly if not treated early. In addition, it is relatively simple to manufacture in large quantities with only a basic knowledge of biology. The spores can be stored for long periods with no deterioration, a nd it can be delivered easily using missiles, rockets, artillery, bombs or sprayers. Once the weapon has been dispersed, there are virtually no indications of exposure. The vapor is odorless, colorless, taste-free and leaves no cloud. DOD claims there is no effective treatment once exposure has occurred. They suggest antibiotics will suppress infection, but only if they are administered within 48 hours of exposure. They also claim unprotected individuals have a 99% chance of death after exposure. The Secretary of Defense has stated that it would be derelict l to send troops into one of the high threat areas without this vaccination. Other senior officers have frequently used the analogy It would be like sending troops into harms way without a helmet or flack vest. This theory brings up a question about whether the vaccination is safe and effective. DODs point of view suggests the vaccine is safe and will work. Their anthrax web site uses the reasoning that we already receive vaccine s to protect against typhoid, yellow fever and many other diseases, so it makes sense to protect ourselves against this killing disease which can be used as a weapon. The vaccine was developed for human use in the 1960s and approved by the FDA in 1970. DOD states that it has been routinely administered to at risk wool mill workers, veterinarians, live stock handlers, and laboratory workers since that time. They acknowledge that receiving the shots will cause mild reactions but claim there have been no patterns of long term side effects or delayed side effects. They also admit it has not been tested for use against the inhalation type of anthrax in humans because it would be unethical to conduct such research. They site a study conducted using 25 monkeys in which, after exposure, all but 1 survived to prove effectiveness of the vaccine. The bottom line for the DOD is they feel it is unethical to allow personnel to be exposed to the anthrax threat without every protection currently av ailable. People who oppose the present anthrax policy have a completely different perspective about the vaccine and the company that produces it. As mentioned earlier, the Bioport plant has encountered several problems with the FDA. The facility which produced the vaccine was state owned until 1997. When the FDA threatened to revoke its license, Michigan sold it to the Bioport Corporation. One of Bioports most visible corporate directors is former chairman of the Joint Chiefs, Adm. William J. Crowe Jr. Less than a month after Bioport took over they signed a $25.7 million contract with the DOD to produce the vaccine. Shortly after that the CEO went to congress and told them that Bioport was incurring losses that could not be sustained in the future. Subsequently, DOD increased the contract to $49.8 million but would receive 25% less vaccine. Opponents of the mandatory anthrax vaccination program consider it more of a moneymaking scheme than an essential protection for our military. A n additional concern is whether the vaccine will actually work. While the DOD sites studies with monkeys to prove it will work, other doctors site studies using mice and guinea pigs to dispute that claim. Dr. Meryl Nass, an expert on biological warfare has testified before congress twice about the anthrax program. She says the program will not work. Vaccinating everyone against one particular strain of anthrax, or one particular biological weapon, for that matter, would only protect them against that one thing. The enemy forces could then merely develop a new strain of the disease or another type of biological weapon making the whole effort moot. She also disputes the DODs claim of only minor adverse reactions being reported. Her research has shown that the vaccine can cause chronic symptoms that often worsen after the fourth shot is administered. Initially, she says, many experience abdominal cramping, diarrhea, fever, chills and a headache. Later symptoms can include chronic fatig ue, dizziness, joint and muscle pain, headaches, memory loss, sleep disorders, chest pains and recurring rashes. She contends the Vaccine Adverse Event reporting System is not effective because it is voluntary. She fears some people do not report problems because they are afraid of loosing jobs or being forced into medical retirement. The bottom line for the opposing side of this issue is the vaccine has not been sufficiently tested and there is no proof it will actually work. They contend the threat has been around for over 100 years, so why is it imperative to vaccinate now. Therefore, to them, the mandatory program is unethical. The debate and confusion over this issue is not going away in the near future. People opposing the vaccine want the program terminated. The DOD is not backing down from the mandatory inoculations. In an Air Force News article released Feb 18 2000, DOD officials say they have no intention of ending their program despite a House of Representatives panels re commendation that it be suspended. Dr. Sue Baily, assistant secretary of defense for health affairs, holds the position that the vaccine is very safe and effective against a biological agent produced by many of our adversaries. She says, Were service members not vaccinated and exposed to this agent, they would die a horrible death. It is our mission to protect those forces. It seems service members will continue to face the decision of whether to take the vaccination or not. It will ultimately be up to the individual to determine if it is worth receiving punishment or ending a career if they refuse the lawful order. 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